a) Áp dụng Cauchy Schwars ta có:

\(M=\frac{a^2}{a+1}+\frac{b^2}{b+1}+\frac{c^2}{c+1}\ge\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{a+b+c+3}=\frac{9}{6}=\frac{3}{2}\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi: a = b = c = 1

b) \(N=\frac{1}{a}+\frac{4}{b+1}+\frac{9}{c+2}\ge\frac{\left(1+2+3\right)^2}{a+b+c+3}=\frac{36}{6}=6\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi: x=y=1

c) \(P=\frac{a^2}{a+b}+\frac{b^2}{b+c}+\frac{c^2}{c+a}\ge\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{2\left(a+b+c\right)}=\frac{9}{2.3}=\frac{3}{2}\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi: x=y=1

Đặt \(P=\dfrac{a^3}{a^2+b^2+ab}+\dfrac{b^3}{b^2+c^2+bc}+\dfrac{c^3}{c^2+a^2+ca}\)

Ta có: \(\dfrac{a^3}{a^2+b^2+ab}=a-\dfrac{ab\left(a+b\right)}{a^2+b^2+ab}\ge a-\dfrac{ab\left(a+b\right)}{3\sqrt[3]{a^3b^3}}=a-\dfrac{a+b}{3}=\dfrac{2a-b}{3}\)

Tương tự: \(\dfrac{b^3}{b^2+c^2+bc}\ge\dfrac{2b-c}{3}\) ; \(\dfrac{c^3}{c^2+a^2+ca}\ge\dfrac{2c-a}{3}\)

Cộng vế:

\(P\ge\dfrac{a+b+c}{3}=673\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=673\)

Vì \(a,b,c>0\) nên theo BĐT Svacxo ta có :

\(A=\frac{a^2}{b+c}+\frac{b^2}{c+a}+\frac{c^2}{a+b}\ge\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{2.\left(a+b+c\right)}=\frac{a+b+c}{2}=\frac{3}{2}\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=1\)

Vậy \(A_{min}=\frac{3}{2}\)khi \(a=b=c=1\)

\(P=\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{ab+bc+ca}\ge\dfrac{ab+bc+ca}{ab+bc+ca}=1\)

\(P_{min}=1\) khi \(a=b=c=1\)

\(P=\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2-2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{9}{ab+bc+ca}-2\)

Do \(a;b\ge1\Rightarrow\left(a-1\right)\left(b-1\right)\ge0\Rightarrow ab\ge a+b-1=2-c\)

\(\Rightarrow ab+c\left(a+b\right)\ge2-c+c\left(3-c\right)=-c^2+2c+2=c\left(2-c\right)+2\ge2\)

\(\Rightarrow P\le\dfrac{9}{2}-2=\dfrac{5}{2}\)

\(P_{max}=\dfrac{5}{2}\) khi \(\left(a;b;c\right)=\left(1;2;0\right);\left(2;1;0\right)\)

Ta có \(2P=4042ca-2ab-2bc=\left(\sqrt{2021}a+\sqrt{2021}c-\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2021}}b\right)^2-\left(2021a^2+2021c^2+\dfrac{1}{2021}b^2\right)\ge-\left(2021a^2+2021c^2+\dfrac{1}{2021}b^2\right)\).

Lại có \(2021a^2+2021c^2+\dfrac{1}{2021}b^2\le2021\left(a^2+c^2+b^2\right)=4042\).

Do đó \(2P\ge-4042\Rightarrow P\ge-2021\).

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi và chỉ khi b = 0; \(a=-c=\pm1\).

Lời giải:

Tìm min:

Theo BĐT AM-GM thì: $P=a^2+b^2+c^2\geq ab+bc+ac$ hay $P\geq 9$

Vậy $P_{\min}=9$. Giá trị này đạt tại $a=b=c=\sqrt{3}$

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Tìm max:

$P=a^2+b^2+c^2=(a+b+c)^2-2(ab+bc+ac)=(a+b+c)^2-18$

Vì $a,b,c\geq 1$ nên:

$(a-1)(b-1)\geq 0\Leftrightarrow ab+1\geq a+b$

Hoàn toàn tương tự: $bc+1\geq b+c; ac+1\geq a+c$

Cộng lại: $2(a+b+c)\leq ab+bc+ac+3=12$

$\Rightarrow a+b+c\leq 6$

$\Rightarrow P=(a+b+c)^2-18\leq 6^2-18=18$

Vậy $P_{\max}=18$. Giá trị này đạt tại $(a,b,c)=(1,1,4)$ và hoán vị

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức cosi ta có:

`a^2+b^2>=2ab`

`b^2+c^2>=2bc`

`c^2+a^2>=2ca`

`=>2(a^2+b^2+c^2)>=2ab+2bc+2ca`

`=>3(a^2+b^2+c^2)>=a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2bc+2ca`

`=>3A>=(a+b)^2=1`

`=>A>=1/3`

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi `a=b=c=1/3`

2:

a: =>a^2+2ab+b^2-2a^2-2b^2<=0

=>-(a^2-2ab+b^2)<=0

=>(a-b)^2>=0(luôn đúng)

b; =>a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2ac+2bc-3a^2-3b^2-3c^2<=0

=>-(2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2ac-2bc)<=0

=>(a-b)^2+(b-c)^2+(a-c)^2>=0(luôn đúng)